国際協力 International Cooperation (JPN/ENG)

International Exchange

 体験報告 ~  お金の話

日本の技術刷新(イノベーション)が世界をリードし、日本の企業ブランドや最先端技術が称賛や憧れの的だった時代があった。特に1990年代は、厳密言えば1991年から2000年までの10年間、日本のODAは世界第一位だった。経済は一流だと、海外の発展途上国から日本の先端技術を学びに来た。

私が6か月間、2回のアシスタント研修監理員の仕事を経て、初めて一人で研修監理員として任された研修は1976年の秋から冬に3か月間、東京で実施された「コンピューター技術」だった。アジア、中東、アフリカ、中南米の12人のシステムエンジニアたちが視察と研修を組み合わせた日程で、12か国から一人ずつ参加した。

10月から12月の寒い時期、東京都大田区蒲田にあった富士通の研究所に3か月間通った。私の分担は荷は重かったが、技術指導は、講義も実習も富士通の講師陣が担当し、さらに企画担当者は外務省の外郭団体のスタッフ、中旗(仮名)さんだった。私も含めて常時4~5人掛かりで、3か月間役割分担することになった。研修初日は中旗さんが参加者へ滞在中の生活費を一人ひとりへ手渡しで支給をすることになっていた。しかし、中旗さんが金額を確認しながら最後の一人、スーダンのハルツームから参加したハッサン氏に手渡すときに、「申し訳ないが、金額が2万円足りないミスをしてしまった。2万円は、後日自分が直接届けます」と謝りながら言ったのには不意をつかれた。「2万円足りないミスをした」ってどういうこと?と引っ掛かったが、そのまま数日が経った。蒲田の研修室で、お昼休みにハッサン氏がやってきて、言いづらそうに「中旗さんに2万円のこと、どうなったか聞いてくれませんか?」と消え入りそうな声で言った。後でと言っておきながらまだ届いていなかったことを知らず確認しなかった私は、さっそく中旗さんのところまで出かけて尋ねた。
「彼は私にも催促したのですよ。払わないと思っているのかな。日本人はそのようなことしないのに心配性だなぁ」などと呑気なことを言っている。
そしてそのまま、私も度々催促したにもかかわらず、とは言っても何も効果なく私もこのミスについては同罪なのだが、中旗さんはハッサン氏の離日の前日、翌日早朝に宿舎を出発する予定だったハッサン氏を訪ねて、終了の手続きとともに2万円返金したのである。
私自身、解決方法は中旗さんの仕事を待つだけではなく、後になって考えればいろいろなやり方を試して解決できたはずだ。中旗さんはと言えば、一人で各国から50人を超える技術者の受け入れを同時に担当して、休みも定時帰宅もできない状況だったことを、私は知っていたはずだ。一方、ハッサン氏は滞在中、ホームシックだと自分で言いながら、日に日に元気がなくなった。2メートルの長身に合うコートも、当時の東京ではなかなか見当たらず情けなさそうにしていたが、2度とお金の話はしなかった。このまま不足分を踏み倒されるかもしれないと、支給されないことは心痛の種だったのは間違いなかった。急に涙を流し精神的にも不安定になり、危ういところだったのだ。

日本側の実情を言えば、日本の国際協力の研修員受け入れの現場は、経験のない大規模な事業にやりがいを感じながらも試行錯誤の部分もあった。日本は目覚しい経済成長は遂げてはいたが、海外からのエンジニアや行政官を受け入れる技術研修は、外務省とJICA、通産省とAOTSを中心にスタートしたばかりだった。JICAは1975年8月に設立されると開発途上国への政府開発援助(ODA)の一環として、技術研修を研修員受け入れ事業の側面からも担当した。日本の技術移転を発展途上の国々の要請にもとづいて行うという制約もあった。外務省が企画と予算、JICAが実施機関と分担されたが、実際の「技術移転」は所管官庁の研究機関、所管法人、技術を擁する専門家(省庁出身者)などの公的グループと、日本を代表する企業等との協力体制が短期間で準備されてきた。

私も海外事情に詳しい人をJOCVに問い合わせ、スーダンのことも知っている元隊員と会うことができた。「2万円はスーダンではどれだけの貨幣価値か」と質問をすると、「スーダンとは、貨幣の意味が日本と価値を比較する術がない」という難解な答えが返ってきた。「公務員の給料がシリングで月額、300円から1000円くらいかなぁ。首都ハルツームであれば日常生活で、もちろん貨幣は流通しているが、部族ごとに、もらう、あげる、貸し借り、物々交換でほぼ賄われているコミュニティが存在している」というものだった。滞在のための必要経費は日本で使わなければ意味がないと私は理解し、スーダンの事情を調べた情報を中旗さんに伝え、なるべく早く支給してもらえればよいと考えて、あとは私も日々のルーティンを優先してしまった。
その結果が、離日直前の支給とは最悪だった。呑気だったのは私自身で、取り返しがつかないことをしてしまったと意気消沈した。

それでもハッサン氏からは帰国後お礼の手紙が来て、ホームシックにかかり迷惑をかけたこと、有意義で楽しかった富士通の蒲田研修所、富士通沼津工場での交流、美しい沼津港、そして職場の仲間たちも継続的に富士通の研修に参加させたいとあった。
読んでいるうちに、私の痛恨の出来事はすっかり霞んでしまったのだ。

○よかったことだけを書いて、お礼だけは伝える。
○お金の苦労話は口にしない方が、心豊かでいられる。

この2つを覚えて、私にとっての研修もなんとか終わった。
(了)

アジアゾウ ~ スリランカ

日本政府が1000万円の資金を提供するので、実行可能で必要なプロジェクトがあれば、企画書を受け付けるというODA事業への募集があった。1990年代から定期的に行われて、現在は「草の根プロジェクト」という大学や自治体、NGOが参加しやすい、民間色の強い事業に統合されたようだ。その第1回目か、2回目に間に合えばと考えて、知り合いの高槻先生に、朗報とばかりに連絡した。
生態系学者で、野生動物と人間社会の共存をテーマに研究をされている高槻先生は、スリランカのキャンディで、野生ゾウと人間集落との現地調査を終えられたばかりだった。アジアの野生ゾウの急激な減少と、人間との共存については、当事者国や地域にとっても重要なテーマのはずだ。
高槻先生と研究室の学生が滞在したスリランカのキャンディには、時期は私の方が数年前だったが、夏休みをとって、FCI(国際畜犬連盟)のドッグショーの手伝いとボランティアで行ったことがある。(ドックショーと言っても警察犬のシェパードだけの大会だった)。わずか8日間の滞在だったが、野生ゾウが人間の日常生活の間近に出現することを知り、衝撃を受けた。スリランカでは、住民は、森林のゾウの群れが村に近づかないよう注意深く暮らし、近づけば追い払うことをしてきたが、限界に達していること。少なくともキャンディ近辺のスリランカの人々は、決してゾウを殺さないが、密猟が横行し、殺された親ゾウのそばに残された子ゾウが年々増加して、保護されてきたことなどだった。
キャンディから30キロぐらいのところに、今は観光スポットでも有名になったピンナワラのゾウの孤児院がある。
1994年は大統領選挙の運動の真最中で治安がよくないということで、ドッグショーに警察犬を出陳したキャンディの警察の方々が私たちに同行してくださった。
「今、この孤児院の子ゾウの里親制度を始める予定です」。と警察署長さんが説明した。
「開発が進み、野生動物のいる森林が減少し、森へ返せる子ゾウは少なくなる一方です。それにケガをして人から治療を受け、なついてしまったゾウは、放しても野生にもどらないで村に近づきます。そこでキャンディの住民と何度も集会を重ねて、ゾウとの関係をこれ以上悪化させない対策を考えてきました。野生に戻せないゾウたちは、芸を覚えさせるため、海外からも仕送りをしてもらうことを考えています」。次はゾウの孤児院の部長さんが続けて、「毎月、飼育係の給料を含めて10万円を子ゾウ一頭に飼育料として仕送りしてもらうと、10年後にはゾウは一人前になって、芸で収入を得ることができるようになります」。さらに「芸と言っても、スリランカはゾウが出動するお祭りやイベントが多く、街中を歩いたり止まったり、人を乗せたり降ろしたりするような出番です」と付け加えた。
警察署長は最後に笑顔で、「ゾウは長生きしますから、今度はゾウが稼いで貴方に20年から30年間は仕送りできるようになるというわけです。ぜひ成功させたいと、みんな一所懸命なのです」、と結ぶと、これは私たちの最高のお土産話になり、いつか叶えたい夢としてし忘れたことはなかった。

ところで、冒頭のプロジェクトの応募の準備は高槻先生と研究室の2人のスリランカ人留学生を中心に、趣旨や選考基準、テーマの優先順位など数人の関係者と打合せをし、「アジアゾウの保全」あるいは「人とアジアゾウの共存」の範囲で提案できる見通しがついた。あとは、そのような要望が相手国からあるかを調べてもらうことになった。どの国が実現しやすいかについて高槻先生は「ゾウに国境はないので必要と言う国であればどこでもよいです」ということで、私たちは要請する国があることをかなり楽観的に考えていたが、結果から言えば1年たっても要請して来る相手国は見つからなかった。
情報交換など打合せに関わった全員が、企画書の意義を認めながらも、ODAの対象先が見つからなかったのでしかたがない、とようやく出会った人と野生動物との共存プロジェクトに、目途が立たなくなり意気消沈した。ただ高槻先生は満足気だった。
「皆さんが忙しいなかで、日常からほど遠い、野生ゾウを保全するために、森の生態系を破壊しない知識や経験に関心を持ってくださったこと、失敗事例などから学びながら、開発を修正するという地道な議論に何時間も付き合ってくださったことに、人間と地球の生態系全体を保全しようと行動しようという社会人の職場があることに感激しました」とお礼を言われた。

数年後、私は海外出張先の、そこは将来、人間とゾウとの共存が課題になると考えられる国の援助責任者に、アジアゾウとの共存や、野生動物が棲息する森林の保全をテーマとするプロジェクトは、なぜ進まないのかと聞いてみた。
「援助を受ける側からすると、野生動物や森林をありのままで保全するというのは、先進国から途上国にできるだけ多額の資金を引き出す仕事として、評価されづらいからだと思います」。

「大型機械や医療機器や教育施設がないから自国民が当たり前の恩恵を享受できないという、わかりやすい援助がどうしても優先されてしまう」とも言った。森林や野生動物は、警鐘の声をあげられない。こうして手遅れになって、取り返しのつかないところまで行かないと、人間は気がつかないのだとただ無力感で消沈した。

ところで、もう一つの、ゾウが恩返しに私に仕送りしてくれる夢のような話は、その後立ち消えになったのか話題になることはなかった。ピンナワラのゾウの孤児院は、94年以降、観光客で大いに“繁盛”していった様子が伝わってきたことから、容易に窺えた。最新の観光ガイドブックによるとピンナワラのゾウの孤児院には、評価の最高点五つ星がついている。入場料にはゾウに乗る体験、水浴びタイム、ミルクタイムなどが含まれていて、増収はもちろん、もしお願いされれば入場者は、目の前のかわいい孤児ゾウのために寄付をいとわないだろうと推測できる。おそらく子ゾウの飼育費も含めて寄付の制度が整備されたに違いない。そうであれば地元住民の希望は叶えられたことになる。孤児になるゾウが減少して、国内外からの寄付も増え、合理的な経営が成り立っていると想像しながら、安堵と幸せな気持ちに包まれた。

ピンナワラ(スリランカ)ゾウの孤児院 1994 Elephant Orphanage in Pinnawala Sri Lanka 1994

 

 

孤児院に引き取られた子ゾウ A baby elephant taken in by the orphanage

(了)

 

失敗した話

ここは東京の新宿の高層ビルにある、Official Development Assistance=ODAを実施する日本の海外援助機関、知子の仕事場だ。設立されてようやく1年半たったばかりだった。

日本の海外援助(ODA)は、終戦後、1954年から技術協力を開始していたが、一般的には知られていなかた。1974年8月に、JICAが設立され、移住、技術協力、青年海外協力隊が新たに外務省の予算と企画の下に行われることになった。

海外援助機関というのは、世界各国を国内総生産(Gross Domestic Product=GDP)の指数の低い国々を「開発途上国」として支援する仕事だ。60名ぐらいの職員が新しい高層ビルの、仕切りのない広いワンフォロアーで4つの課に分かれて、技術協力の研修員受け入れの仕事をしていた。

三原知子は、研修3課で75年4月から働き始めた。一緒に仕事を始めた池永裕子と矢野和江とは、1か月もすると、気が合うというだけではなくお互いに助け合っていく必要性を切実に感じ始めた。

きょうも知子は裕子と和江が外勤から戻ってくるのを待っていた。午後3時を過ぎると、誰が入ってくるか、右斜め後方のドアの開閉が気になってくる。

Training Coordinator(トレーニング・コーディネーター、以下CDR) は研修3課に所属していた。CDRという職種は、日本のODAが1974年以前の10年間の試行錯誤から考え出したユニークな産物だった。研修期間中、必要な通訳と調整をする仕事と説明されていた。

外勤の仕事を終えたCDRにとって研修3課は、当日の報告と翌日以降の準備をする場所なのだが、わざわざまで新宿まで戻ってこなくても、電話で報告し、外勤先でも準備ができる場合が多い。なぜ直帰できないかというと、CDRとして登録されたとは言え、今月6月でようやく1年2か月を迎えたばかりで、まだ一人前のCDRとは言えない知子、裕子、和江の3人は、T課長から、午後5時までに事務所に戻れる場合は、事務所まで来るように言われているからだ。もっともそれ以上に、そこにいる仲間内の「反省会」や「情報交換」のため、事務所に寄るのはその日の楽しみでもあった。

裕子と和江が同じ学年、知子は二人の4歳年上で全員20代だった。現在の用語ではフリーランス、つまり必要な期間、契約で通訳と研修現場で連絡・調整の仕事をするCDRは、4月は登録人数が50名から次第に増えてたちまち100名近くになっていた。総じて若く20代から30代だったから、生活の安定のためには契約ではなく、職員試験を受けるように定期的にT課長から推奨された。しかしCDRのほとんどが男女問わず、事務職にはなりたがらなかった。

農林省の海外研修室から戻って来た矢野和江は、だいぶ沈んだ様子で、いつもの快活さがなかった。人懐っこい笑顔で周囲を明るくする人なのに、知子は思わず「どうしたの?」と真っ先に聞いてしまった。労働省での講義通訳を終えて裕子が戻り、3人揃ったところで和江が語り始めた。

和江は今、農林省が企画・実施している3か月間の「農業普及」を研修3課の佐山CDRと2名で担当している。15人の東南アジア、南西アジア、南米、アフリカからの農業省の農業普及を専門とする行政官の研修に同行し、通訳と業務調整をしているのだが、明日からの自分の仕事に自信がなくなったという。あと残っている研修期間、1か月半の間に、3回の地方での視察や実地研修が続く。今日、和江がフィリピンからの研修員、E氏にとった対応が彼をひどく傷つけたと、本人から言われたそうだ。彼が大変優秀で常識的な人物だと考えてきただけに、どうすればよかったのか、考えが堂々巡りするというのだ。

「終業時刻まであと30分ね」途中、和江は壁の時計に目を移すと同時に、顛末を続けた。

「今日月曜日の午前の講義が終わり、ブレイクの時、気が付くとパキスタン、アフガニスタン、バングラデシュ、マレーシアなど数人の研修員が、E氏の背中を見てクスクス笑っている。おしゃれなE氏は糊とアイロンで整えたモスグリーンのワイシャツを着ていたが、背中に「dangerous」と書かれたA4サイズの紙がセロテープで貼られていた」。それを見て和江には2つの方法があった。危険だなどと書かれていて本人は知らないのだから、それを取り除くように行動する。もう一つは週末があって研修員たちだけの余暇時間もあり、その延長での冗談かもしれないから、和江はノータッチでよい。

実際に起こったことと言えば、その日のうちに背中の張り紙に気づいたE氏は和江に「あなたはトレーニング・コーディネーターだ。私が侮辱を受けているときに、一緒になって笑っていないでそれを教えてくれるべきだ」と和江のところに来て、彼女に真剣に抗議したそうだ。一人前のCDRになろうとしている和江であるが、そこまで仕事として求められるのだろうか?

聞いていて明らかに良好な人間関係の研修仲間の遊びだからほっておく、というのはよいかもしれないと私も思った。裕子は「貼った側の研修員たちと一緒に見ていたので、ノータッチと言ってもE氏にとってはCDRの和江も一緒に笑っているように映ったかもしれない」とかなり率直に言った。

なるほど堂々巡りになる、「どうすればよかった」と言い切れない出来事だ。

事の是非よりももう少し堂々巡りに付き合おうと、場所を近くの喫茶店に移した。

 

彼女たち3人の話し合いの結果はこのようになった。E氏が和江に求めた対応は明らかに、CDRの仕事の範囲ではない。

想像できることに、週末、グループで買い物に出かけて、イスラムではない、フィリピンのE氏はお店の女性の店員さんに気軽に話ができる、あるいはすれ違った女学生たちに「こんにちは!」と挨拶したとかで、イスラムの男性には、そのような振る舞いは決してできないことが、内心ややうらやましかった。E氏を「危険人物だ」と冗談を言い合って、背中に貼り紙したという程度のことだろう。私たちは勝手に想像を膨らませた。E氏は仲間がそのような紙を背中に貼ったこと自体を怒っているのではなく、和江が仕事として、彼らに注意し、紙を剥がすのが当然だと言っているのだが、これはもっともなことだ。ここで、それはCDRの仕事か否か、CDRの仕事の範囲をまた蒸し返した。むずかしいことは、あきらかに和江の言うとおり、CDRは研修員間の冗談や戯れ事には距離をおいてもかまわない。しかしこれは研修の現場、CDRの仕事場の講義室の中での出来事だ。残念ながら、どうすべきだったかはそれ以上進展しなかったが、和江にとっては2人に話すことで気持ちが少しは晴れただろうと、知子と裕子はやや安心した。

 

そして2か月後、彼女たちは新宿の研修3課で久しぶりに顔を合わせた。和江が意気消沈していた日から1か月半後になんとか研修は成功裡に終わり、15人の研修員は全員、研修修了証書を手にそれぞれの国に帰って行った。

“事件”から1か月半の間、E氏は和江に必要最小限の言葉しか言わなかったそうだ。そしていよいよ研修が修了し、帰国する前日、E氏は和江のところに来て、「これはお世話になった方に渡そうと、研修中にフィリピンから取り寄せたおみやげです」と言って、和江に上品なベージュの綿のブラウスを手渡した。

 

裕子が和江の様子をゆっくり窺いながらも、いつもの飾り気ない口調で言った。「たしかにE氏には侮辱を受けたという事件だったかもしれないけれど、今少し落ち着いて振り返ると、E氏は、好ましいと思っていた人、つまり和江に裏切られたって、寂しかったってことだったんじゃない?」

知子も「たしかに!私たちCDRの仕事の範囲か否か、イスラムの人たちの規範とか、原因を拡げたけれど、裕子の言うように、何回反省しても、もう取り返しのつかない出来事を悔いるより、素敵な思い出だったと、切り替える方がいいわね」と加勢した。

こうして彼女らは、「今も悔いている失敗」を「もう一度会いたい人」というポジティブな結論に導くことができたのだった。

 

Experience Report:  Money

There was an era when Japan’s technological innovation led the world, and Japanese corporate brands and cutting-edge technology were the subject of admiration and longing. Especially in the 1990s, strictly speaking, during the decade from 1991 to 2000, Japan’s ODA was the largest in the world. The economy was top-notch, and foreign developing countries came to Japan to acquire knowledge in technology.

After six months of two assistant training coordinator assignments with JICA, the first training course I was assigned as a training coordinator on my own was “Computer Technology,” a three-month course held in Tokyo during the fall and winter of 1976. Twelve systems engineers from Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and South America participated in the program, one from each of the 12 countries, on a combined schedule of training and observation.

During the cold months of October through December, I spent three months at Fujitsu’s research laboratory in Kamata, Ota-ku, Tokyo. Although it was a heavy burden for me take on, Fujitsu lecturers were in charge of both lectures and practical training, and Mr. Nakahata (pseudonym), a staff member of an affiliated organization of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was in charge of planning of the entire schedule. Including myself, there were always four to five people involved at any given time, and we were to share the responsibility for three months.

On the first day of the training, Mr. Nakahata was supposed to hand-deliver living expenses to each participant during their stay. However, when Mr. Nakahata checked the amount and handed it to the last participant, Mr. Hassan from Khartoum, Sudan, I was caught off guard when Mr. Nakahata apologized and said, “I’m sorry, but I made a mistake of being 20,000 yen short. I will deliver the 20,000 yen directly to you myself at a later date. ” What did he mean by “I made a mistake of being short of 20,000 yen? I was puzzled, but a few days passed without any change.

In the Fujitsu lab, Mr. Hassan came in during a lunch break and asked, in an awkward voice, “Could you ask Mr. Nakahata what happened to the 20,000 yen?” He said in a voice that sounded like it was about to disappear. Surely, Mr.Nakahata had told Mr. Hassan that he would get it later, but not knowing that it still had not yet been received, I immediately went to Mr. Nakahata’s place to ask.
“Mr. Hassan already urged me to do the same. Does he think I won’t pay?” He added, “Japanese people don’t do such things, but Mr. Hassan is a worrier”, he replied as if taking things easy. And then, despite my repeated requests, which had no effect, and for which I was equally culpable, Mr. Nakahata visited Mr. Hassan’s lodging the day before his departure and refunded the 20,000 yen along with the completion of the program.

For myself, the solution would not have been to wait for Mr. Nakahata’s work; in hindsight, I could have tried many different ways to solve the problem. Speaking of Mr. Nakahata, I should have known that he alone was in charge of receiving more than 50 participants from various countries at the same time, making it impossible for him to take a day off or return home on time.

Meanwhile, during his stay, Mr. Hassan, who said himself that he was homesick, became more and more depressed day by day; he looked miserable because it was difficult to find a coat that would fit his 2-meter tall body in Tokyo at that time, but he never talked about the allowance again. There was no doubt that the lack of provision was one source of heartache, as he was afraid that he might be ignored for the shortfall. One day, he suddenly burst into tears and became mentally unstable, and was on the verge of a crisis.

Speaking of the actual situation on the Japanese side, the field of accepting participants for international cooperation was a challenging part with trial-and-errors of a large-scale project with which Japan had no experience at the time. Although Japan was experiencing remarkable economic growth, the technical training program to accept engineers and administrative officials from overseas in a huge scale had just started, centered on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), JICA, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), and the Association for Overseas Technical Cooperation and Sustainable Partnerships (AOTS).
When JICA was established in August 1975, it was part of the official development assistance (ODA) to developing countries and was responsible for technical training. JICA also took charge of the aspect of the project of accepting participants. There were also restrictions on the training of the Japanese technology, which was that it had to be transferred only after receiving requests from developing countries.
Although MOFA was assigned for the planning and budget, and JICA was the implementing agency, the actual “technology transfer” was prepared in a short period of time through cooperation among public sector of research institutes of relevant government agencies, specialists with technologies (formerly part of the ministries), and leading Japanese companies and other organizations.
I also inquired at JOCV for someone familiar with overseas affairs and was able to meet with a former volunteer who knew Sudan. When I asked him how much 20,000 yen is worth in Sudan, he gave me a difficult answer: “In Sudan, there is no way to compare the value of money with that of Japan. The salary of a civil servant is about 300 to 1,000 yen in shillings per month, I think.” He added, “In the capital city of Khartoum, of course money is used and circulated in daily life, but there are tribal communities where people receive, give, lend, borrow, and barter for their goods and services.”
I understood that the necessary expenses for his stay would be meaningless unless he used the money in Japan, so I gave Mr. Nakahata the information I had gathered about the situation in Sudan and considered that it would be best if he would provide the money as soon as possible. Afterwards I, too, gave priority to my daily routine.
The result was that he was paid just before he left Japan, which was terrible. I was the one who had been careless, and it was disheartening to realize that I had done something irreversible.

Nevertheless, after returning from Japan, I received a letter from Mr. Hassan apologizing for the homesickness and inconvenience which he had caused, and also thanking us for the meaningful and enjoyable exchange at Fujitsu’s Kamata Training Center, Fujitsu’s Numazu facility, the beautiful port of Numazu, Shizuoka, and his wish to have his colleagues at work continue to participate in JICA and Fujitsu’s training programs.
As I read the letter, my guilt and worries faded away in relief.

(1) Write about the good things mainly and express appreciation for participation.
(2) Avoiding topics such as financial difficulties will help to maintain peace.

With these two things in mind, the training for me was somehow over.

End.

Asian Elephant ~ Sri Lanka

There was a call for applications for an ODA project in which the Japanese government would provide 10 million yen in funding and accept proposals for any viable and necessary projects. Regularly implemented since the 1990s, it now seems to have been integrated into the “Grassroots Project”. I contacted Dr. Takatsuki, an acquaintance of mine, with the good news that we would be able to participate in the first or the second ODA project in time.

Dr. Takatsuki, an ecologist and researcher on the coexistence of wild animals and human society, had just completed a field survey of wild elephants and human settlements in Kandy, Sri Lanka. The rapid decline of wild elephants in Asia and their coexistence with humans was and still is an important theme for the countries and regions concerned.

In 1994, I had taken a summer vacation to Kandy, Sri Lanka to help and volunteer at the FCI (International Federation of Cattle Dogs) dog show which was only for police shepherds. Although the time was a few years earlier than my visit, this was near where Dr. Takatsuki and his lab students had stayed. Despite being there for only eight days, I was shocked to learn that wild elephants appeared to have been living excessively close to human lives. In Sri Lanka, residents had made efforts to carefully keep herds of forest elephants away from their villages and to drive them away if they came close, but this had reached its limits.

The Sri Lankans, at least in the vicinity of Kandy, never kill elephants, but poaching was rampant, and the number of baby elephants left near their killed parents increased over the years and had to be protected in facilities.About 30 km from Kandy, was an elephant orphanage in Pinnawala, now a famous tourist attraction. In 1994, in the middle of the presidential election campaign, the safety was unstable, so the Kandy police, who exhibited their police dogs at the dog show, accompanied us to the orphanage.

“We are now planning to start a foster program for these baby elephants at the orphanage,” The chief of police explained to us. “As development progressed and forests with wild animals decreased, the number of baby elephants that could return to the forest was decreasing. In addition, elephants that had been injured and received medical treatment from people, became attached and are approaching the village without returning to the wild even after they are released. So, we held many meetings with the residents of Kandy to come up with measures to prevent further deterioration of the relationship with the elephants.”

“For those elephants that cannot be returned to the wild, we are considering having people from overseas send money to help them learn to perform tricks,” said the director of the elephant orphanage. Next, the director continued, “If 100,000 yen, which includes the caretaker’s salary, is sent to each baby elephant a month as a rearing fee, after 10 years the elephants will become full-fledged and able to earn an income through tricks.” He added, “When I say tricks, Sri Lanka has many festivals and events where elephants are mobilized, and they are on cue to walk and stop in the streets, and to carry people on and off.”

The police chief concluded with a smile, “The elephants have long life expectancy, so they can start earning money after 10 years and then return to you for the next 20 to 30 years. We are all working very hard to make this a success.” This was my best vacation story, and I never forgot about it until today as a dream that I hope to fulfill someday.

The preparation for the application for the ODA project was led by Dr. Takatsuki and two Sri Lankan scholars, who discussed the purpose, selection criteria, priority of themes, etc. with the people concerned, and came to the conclusion that we could make a proposal within the scope of either “conservation of Asian elephants” or “coexistence of humans and Asian elephants”. The next step was to find out if there were any such requests from our Asian counterparts. We were quite optimistic that there would be countries with needs, but as it turned out, even after a year, we could not find any country that would make such a request.

Everyone involved in the exchange of information and other discussions acknowledged the significance of the proposal yet were disheartened because we had no choice but to accept the fact that we could not find a recipient for the ODA. However, Dr. Takatsuki was satisfied. He said he was very pleased with the fact, “Everyone was so busy that all of you were interested in the knowledge and experience of conserving wild elephants without destroying the forest ecosystem, which is far from your daily life. And we spent countless hours together, having constant discussions on how to correct the development of the project while learning from failed cases. I was impressed that there is a workplace for people who are willing to take action to preserve the ecosystem of humans and even the earth.”

Some years later, I asked an aid director in a country where human-elephant coexistence was considered to be a future issue, why projects focusing on coexistence with Asian elephants and conservation of forests inhabited by wild animals were not progressing.
He replied, “I think it is because, from the aid recipients’ point of view, it is difficult to assess the impact of conservation of wildlife and forests in their natural state. Additionally, projects like such cannot get enough financial aid from developed countries.”
He also said, “Priority is inevitably given to aid that is straightforward, aid that is visible and urgently needed, where the lack of large machinery, medical equipment, and educational facilities means that their own people cannot even enjoy the basic benefits available in developed countries.” Forests and wildlife cannot raise the alarm of urgency. I felt helpless and dejected that people would not notice the importance of the issue until it is too late, and the situation reaches a point of no return.

The other dreamlike story about elephants sending money back after growing up in return for the financial support seems to have disappeared subsequently or was never talked about. The reason was easy to see from the fact that the elephant orphanage in Pinnawala had been “thriving” with tourists since 1994. The admission fee included an elephant ride, bathing time, and milk time, not to mention increased revenue, and it could be assumed that visitors would be willing to donate money for the cute, orphaned elephants in front of them if asked. Perhaps a donation system must have been put in place to include the cost of raising the baby elephants. If so, the wishes of the local people would have been fulfilled. I was filled with relief and happiness, imagining that the number of orphaned elephants had decreased through donations from home and abroad, and ultimately an effective system for managing the ecosystem had been established.

End.

ピンナワラの象の孤児院 スリランカ 1994
Elephant Orphanage in Pinnawala Sri Lanka 1994

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

孤児院に引き取られた子ゾウ
A baby elephant taken in by the orphanage

A story of  failure

This is Tomoko’s workplace, a high-rise building in Shinjuku, Tokyo. A Japanese overseas aid agency that implements Official Development Assistance (ODA). It had only been established a year and a half ago.

Japan’s Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) in the form of technical cooperation began in 1954 after the end of the war but was not generally known to the public. In August 1974, JICA was established, and immigration, technical cooperation, and the Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (JOCV) were newly under the budget and planning of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

The foreign aid agency is in charge of assisting “developing countries” in the world with low Gross Domestic Product (GDP) indexes. 60 or so staff members were divided into four divisions in a spacious, partition less room, working to accept technical cooperation participants.

Tomoko Mihara started working in the 3rd training division in April 1975. She began working with Yuko Ikenaga and Kazue Yano, and within a month, they not only had a kindred spirit but also a sincere need to help one another.

Today, Tomoko was waiting for Yuko and Kazue to return from their outside work. After 3:00 p.m., she was anxious to see who would come in and open the door diagonally to the rear on the right.

The Training Coordinator (CDR) was assigned to the 3rd Training Division, a unique creation of the Japanese ODA’s pre-1974 decade of trial and error. The job was described as providing necessary interpretation and coordination during the training period for participants from abroad.

For CDRs who have finished their outside work, the 3rd Training Division is where to report on the day’s work and prepare for the next day and beyond, but in many cases, they do not have to go all the way back to Shinjuku but can instead report by phone and prepare for the next day’s work at the site. The reason why we cannot go directly home is that although we are registered as CDRs, Yuko, Kazue, and Tomoko, have just reached one year and two months this month in June and are not yet full-fledged CDRs. As such, we have been told by Division Chief T to come to the office if we can be back by 5:00 pm. For the three of them, it was a pleasure to drop by the office that day for “reflection” and “exchange of information” among our colleagues there.

The three of them all happened to be in their 20s, with Yuko and Kazue being the same age and Tomoko was four years older than them. In April, the number of registered CDRs, who were contracted to work primarily as interpreters and handle liaison & coordination at training sites when needed, gradually increased from 50 to almost 100 in a short time. Since they were generally young and in their 20s or 30s, they were regularly recommended by Chief T to take the full-time staff exam rather than the freelance contract in order to secure their livelihood. However, most of the CDRs, both men and women, did not want to become clerical workers.

When Kazue Yano returned from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry’s overseas training office, she looked much somber, and her usual vivaciousness was absent. She was a person who brightened up everyone around her with her friendly smile, so Tomoko couldn’t help but ask, “What’s wrong?”. When Yuko came back from her work, interpreting lectures at the Ministry of Labor and all three of them were together, Kazue began to talk.

Kazue was in charge of a three-month “agricultural extension” program planned and implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, working with CDR Sayama of the 3rd Training Division. 15 administrative officers from Southeast Asia, Southwest Asia, South America, and Africa specializing in agricultural extension were being trained, and Kazue was accompanying them, providing interpretation and coordinating their work. Starting tomorrow, Kazue had to work on her own and said that she had lost confidence in her job. During the remaining training period of one and a half months, there would be three more regional inspections and on-the-job training. Today, Kazue was told by Mr. E, a participant from the Philippines, that the way she treated him had hurt him badly. Kazue said that she had always thought Mr. E was a very capable person, and her thoughts were going around in circles, trying to figure out what she should have done.

“It’s half an hour until the end of the day,” Kazue said, glancing at the clock on the wall as she continued her recounting. “Today, after the Monday morning lecture, during a break, I noticed several participants from Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, and other countries were giggling at the back of Mr. E. Fashionable Mr. E. was wearing a glue-ironed, moss-green shirt. but had an A4-sized piece of paper with the word ‘dangerous’ written on the back with cello tape”.

Kazue thought she had two ways to react. One is to get rid of it, since it says ‘dangerous’, and Mr. E was not aware of it. The other is to keep out of it as it could have been an extension of an inside joke from the weekend since the participants usually spent time together on weekends.

Speaking of what actually happened, Mr. E. noticed the sign on his back later that day and said to Kazue, “You are the training coordinator. When I am being insulted, you should be telling me about it, not laughing alongside others.” He came to Kazue and complained in serious tone. Kazue was trying to become a full-fledged CDR, but she wondered if this meant she would be expected to work to an extent where she had to care for every little detail.

After listening to Kazue’s episode, Tomoko also thought it was okay to leave it because it was a joke among fellow participants who clearly had a good relationship with each other. Yuko said quite frankly, “Since Kazue was looking at the scene with the trainees when the paper was put up, even if she intended not to get involved, to Mr. E it might have looked as if the CDR was laughing along with them.” The talk went in circles. It was hard to come to a conclusion on what would have been the correct way to react. The three moved to a nearby coffee shop to continue sharing the pros and cons of the situation. The result of our discussion was this: the response Mr. E expected from Kazue was clearly not within the scope of CDR’s work.

The three tried to imagine what happened on the weekend that led to the incident. The participants most likely went out together as a weekend group, and Mr. E, being a non-Muslim, Filipino, could easily talk to the female clerks in stores starting with a friendly greeting “Konnichiwa!” It could have been that other participants were somewhat envious as this was a time when Muslim men would never be able to behave in such a way. They probably joked with each other that Mr. E was a “dangerous person,” and then pasted the piece of paper on his back on Monday. The three CDRs took the liberty of imagining that Mr. E was not angry that his fellow trainees put such a paper on his back, but that it was Kazue’s job to warn them and remove the paper, which is a fair point.

Here, we rehashed again the scope of CDR’s responsibilities, whether it is the CDR’s work or not. The hard part, obviously, is that Kazue is right, and CDRs can keep their distance from jokes and shenanigans among participants. However, this was in the training site, in the lecture hall of CDR’s workplace. Unfortunately, no further progress was made on what should have been done, but Tomoko, and perhaps Yuko, were a little relieved that for Kazue, talking to us helped her feel a little lighter about the topic.

Two months later, we met again at the 3rd Training Division in Shinjuku. A month and a half after the incident, the training program ended successfully, and all 15 participants returned to their respective countries with their training certificates in hand.

During the remainder of the program after the incident, Mr. E. said only the minimum necessary words to Kazue. However, on the day before he was to return home, Mr. E. came up to Kazue and handed her an elegant beige cotton blouse, saying, “This is a souvenir I brought from the Philippines during my training to give to a person who has helped me a lot.”

Yuko looked at Kazue mindfully but said in her usual unpretentious tone. She said, “Yes, it may have been insulting to Mr. E, but now that we look back a little more calmly, Mr. E must have felt lonely, possibly betrayed by someone he thought he liked, namely Kazue. Don’t you think so?”
Tomoko also said, “Indeed! We expanded the causes, such as whether it was within the scope of our work, or the norms of Muslim people, but as Yuko said, no matter how many times we reflect on the incident, it is better to just say it was a wonderful memory than to regret an event we can no longer redo.”

Thus, we were able to turn a failure that Kazue still regrets into a positive conclusion: someone she would like to see again.

END.

 

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